Finder's Guide

character in Adriana Buenos Aires by Macedonio Fernández

Ruskin, 1865

character in Borges story, also known as Alt

translator of Beowulf, 1892

Charles W. Kennedy, 1943

Bromfield novel, 1926

William Irish, short story.

Hawthorne short story, 1854

Morris poem, consisting of a prologue and twenty-four tales, 1868-1870

Eliot poem, one of the Four Quartets

city in Michigan where Michigan State University is located

Steinbeck novel, 1952

town in Connecticut

US writer, 1883-1969, author of Enjoyment of Poetry, Enjoyment of Laughter and various books on Marxism

one of many alises of Edward Ostermann, New York gangster, c. 1873-1929

hotel in Aix-les-Bains

hotel in Aix-les-Bains

Parodi: “Hotel des Eaux, Aix-les-Bains”: el hotel donde, en 1924, suceden las acciones del cuento, está ubicado en Aix-les-Bains, una ciudad francesa del departamento de Saboya, próxima al lago Bourget, famosa por sus aguas termales de azufre y de alumbre indicadas para el tratamiento del reumatismo. El edificio termal, que Ubalde compara con la Estación Constitución (cf. infra §6), data de 1864. Desde el siglo XIX, las termas de Aix-les-Bains fueron frecuentadas por altas personalidades de la política, las finanzas y la cultura, desde la reina Victoria a Henri Bergson y, en varias ocasiones, Bioy. El nombre completo del hotel real donde supuestamente se alojaba Ubalde es ‘Hotel Notre Dame des Eaux’ y fue construido en 1892.

Stevenson-Osbourne novel, 1894

heretic, successor of Carpocrates and Cerinthus

river in Spain

Portuguese novelist, 1845-1900, author of A Cidade e as Serras, O Primo Basilio, Os Maias, O Crime do Padre Amaro and other works

Nietzsche work of self-justification, published posthumously in 1908

Small village in the South of Scotland.

William Wordsworth, 1821-22

Argentine writer, 1875-1950

Argentine writer, 1821-1880

British historian, c. 1670-1730, author of histories of Rome and of England

Argentine writer, part of the Boedo group, subject of a 1968 booklet by Leónidas Barletta and others

Argentine writer, 1805-51, author of La cautiva, El matadero, Dogma socialista and other works

German poet and writer, 1792-1854, author of Gespräche mit Goethe

Meister Echkart, German philosopher and mystic, c. 1260-1327

Ecclesiastes in the Bible

Echo, nymph in Greek mythology

Swedenborg, 1704.

country

street in Buenos Aires

Parodi: “en Mansilla, esquina Ecuador”: una intersección cercana al término de la Avenida Alvear, en el barrio de Recoleta.

Huidobro poem, 1918

Fishburn and Hughes: In Islam, the time before the Muslim era known as Jalil. The Zahir

Menén Desleal story

Phillpotts study, 1931

Elder or Poetic Edda, formerly attributed to Saemund, sometimes called Edda Poetica and Edda Saemundi

Snorri Sturluson's Prose or Younger Edda, c. 1230, sometimes called Edda Islandorum, Edda Prosaica and Snorra Edda

Jonsson edition, 1888-1890

references to both the Elder and Prose Eddas

British astronomer, 1882-1944, author of The Nature of the Physical World

Argentine writer, b. 1921, friend and collaborator of Borges

garden of paradise in Genesis

Rossetti poem, 1870

British politician, 1897-1977

English king, 944-975

Joseph Wood Crutch study of Poe (1926).

Whitman essay in Specimen Days, 1880

Parodi: “el Edificio Amianto, de Avenida Corrientes y Pasteur”: la dirección de la supuesta sede del club Abasto Juniors coincide con la de una institución que ocupó ese predio desde 1945: la Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina. Por sus siglas, es conocida como ‘la amia’, de ahí el nombre que por analogía fonética Bustos Domecq da al edificio. La sede fue construida en el sitio que ocupaba el Teatro Ombú (cf. “Limardo” i §34). En 1994 este centro de la comunidad judía en Argentina sufrió el mayor ataque terrorista ocurrido en el país, que causó decenas de muertos, centenas de heridos y la destrucción total del edificio. Este edificio es mencionado también en “Los inmortales” §5.

Edinburgh, capital of Scotland

Independent school opened in Scotland in 1824. Stevenson and Michael Innes, among other artists, studied there.

quarterly periodical published from 1802 to 1929

Oedipus, legendary Greek king of Thebes

Oedipus Tyrannos, Sophocles play

Yeats translation. See King Oedipus

beloved of Snorri Sturluson

Parodi: supuesta casa editora creada por Anglada, que habría publicado algunas de sus obras; en su etapa nativista, Carlos Anglada publica en Probeta a poetas de las provincias. En la crónica “Búsqueda”, Bustos informa que Probeta editó también algunos de los manuscritos de Nierenstein Souza. En “Toros” se menciona un escándalo por estafa en el que se vio envuelta la editorial.

brother of West Saxon king Aethelstan

German writer, 1890-1966

Alicia Noailles book, 1970

king of England, here mentioned as a character in Stevenson's New Arabian Nights

Flaubert novel, 1869

Sackville-West novel, 1930

British scholar of China, 1888-1957, compiler of The Dragon Book, London, 1938

US philosopher and theologian, 1703-1758, author of A Careful and Strict Enquiry into the Modern Prevailing Notions of Freedom of Will

Northumbrian king, reigned c. 616-632

Ephesus, Greek city in Asia Minor sacred to Artemis, south of Izmir, Turkey

Ephialtes, Greek mythological figure, demon of nightmare

Work by Ramón Gómez de la Serna, 1929.

character in Eça de Queiroz's Os Maias

Aegean Sea, between Greece and Turkey

translator of The Golden Lotus, 1939

German-born scholar of India, 1842-1918, professor of Sanskrit at the University of Edinburgh

Huevos y Panadero, John Masefield poems, 1936

hero of the Icelandic saga Egla or Egils Saga

Egill Skalla-Grimsson, Icelandic poet and adventurer, c. 910- 90

Icelandic saga about the exploits of Egil, son of Skallagrim

Egypt

Virgil bucolic poems

Goethe drama, 1788

Parodi: tragedia en cinco actos. A la escritura de esta obra, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) dedicó doce años; fue publicada en 1787. Por su parte, Paladión es autor de un Egmont en once gruesos volúmenes.

British magazine, 1914-1919

George Meredith novel, 1879

character in Borges story

Peruvian poet and painter, 1882-1942, author of Simbólicas and other works

Ellery Queen novel, 1932

Darío poem in El canto errante, 1907

Sudermann play, 1889-1891

Austrian expressionist poet, 1886-1950

German scientist, 1854-1915

Argentine artist, 1895-1957, here mentioned for his illustrations for a César Tiempo book, brother of the playwright Samuel Eichelbaum

Dickson Carr, novel, 1934.

Werfel poems, 1915

Icelandic warrior

Icelandic poet

character in Borges story

Spoerri study of Dante, 1946

Hauptmann play, 1891

German physicist, 1879-1955

Norwegian king of Northumbria, son of Harald Harfagar, died in England about 954, subject of the Eiriksmal

Eirikr Oddsson, 12th century Icelandic historian, author of the Hryggjarstykki, one of the sources of Snorri's Heimskringla

saga of Eric the Red

Mulhouse engineer, 1914-41, character in Bustos Domecq story

Parodi: supuesto escritor e inventor del primer Ocioso.

US general and president, 1890-1969

Austrian-born US chemist and oil executive, 1880-1963, author of Why Was Lincoln Murdered?, 1937

Russian film director, 1898-1948, director of Potemkin, October, Ivan the Terrible and other works

Jarnés book of essays, 1927

Lugones lecture, 1915

Fishburn and Hughes: The army of General San Martín which in January 1817 crossed the Andes from Mendoza, a province in western Argentina, to Chile. Made up of two divisions, it consisted of 4,000 soldiers, 1,400 auxiliaries, 2,400 animals, 18 cannon and other artillery. After the crossing, which took eighteen days, the army defeated the Royalist forces at the battle of Chacabuco. The Elderly Lady

Ekkehard, German monk and poet, d. 973, author of the Waltharius

Poem by Juan Cruz Varela.

Fishburn and Hughes: The name applied to several military operations in North Africa in World War II, but more specifically to the decisive British battle under Montgomery on 4 November 1942 which resulted in Germany's retreat. Deutsches Requiem

Excerpt from Opera (1927) by Jean Cocteau.

Short story by Argentine writer Adolfo Bioy Casares (1914-1999) published in El lado de la sombra (1962).

Buenos Aires neighborhood

Excerpt from The Dream of the Red Chamber by Tsao Hsue-Kin.

Brand of cider

Parodi: “un Champagne El Gaitero”: a pesar de la presentación que hace Montenegro de esta bebida, ‘El Gaitero’ es una conocida y popular marca de sidra.

Peter the Great. Royal title given to Peter I of Russia

Collection of short stories by Adolfo Bioy Casares, 1962

Lugones verses from the poem Oceánida

Book by Borges

Compilations of uruguayan poetry (1834)

Book written by Martiniano Leguizamón

river in Czechoslovakia and Germany

part of the city of Wuppertal, Germany

Elblag, city now in Poland

ancient Greek city in Italy

Albertelli, 1939

Fishburn and Hughes: A term derived from the school of philosophy founded in the fifth century BC by Parmenides of Elea, whose favourite pupil was Zeno. Opposing Heraclitus, and foreshadowing the idealism of Berkeley, the Eleatics argued against belief in the reality of motion and the plurality of things which would involve changes in the state of 'being'. They held that 'being' was necessarily one and unchanged, while individual things and movement were an illusion. Their teaching methods were based on a system of paradoxes or proofs 'ad absurdum', such as the flying arrow which passes through a series of points in which it is static and the race between Achilles and the tortoise to which Borges frequently refers. See Aporias, Contest with the tortoise. Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

Eleazar ben Jehudah, rabbi of Worms, d. c.1225, author of the Sefer Rokeah

Greek mythological princess of Mycenae, daughter of Agamemnon

white elephant of Buddhist legend

Elephantis, fl. 1st century BC, Greek female author of erotica

Parodi: tal vez el pseudónimo de una poetisa de origen griego, autora de uno de los primeros tratados conocidos sobre el arte del amor. El historiador latino Suetonio (c.70−140) y el poeta latino Marcial (40-104) mencionan sus obras, lo que permite conjeturar la fecha en que las compuso.

poem from Alfonso Reyes’s book Pausa, 1926

Translation of Thomas Gray's Elegy by José Antonio Miralla (1823).

Molinari poem

Propertius elegies

Huergo story

Samain poem

Donne poems

Bischoff, 1913

Sbarbi

Euclid treatise on geometry and theory of numbers, Στοιχεῖα, about 300 B.C.

Ruskin, 1863

Ruskin

Greek mythological figure, daughter of Zeus and Leda, sometimes Helena de Troya

Marx, 1847, The Poverty of Philosophy, response to Proudhon's La Philosophie de la misère

Edgar Allan Poe story, 1842

Parodi: título de una novela publicada en 1937 por Ethel Lina White (1876-1944), escritora británica de policiales, autora de obras de gran éxito, algunas de las cuales fueron llevadas al cine.

Frank Melland book on elephants, 1938

town northeast of Athens in Attica, center of ancient Greek mystery cult

son of Elfric, mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

elves

Alderman Elfric, mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for warning the enemy

Pseudonym used by Charles Lamb

Johannes Baptista Elianus, d. 1589, supposed author of Mohommedis imposturae"

angel who fights the Antichrist in the Muspilli

in the Bible, prophet who fought the idolatry of Jezabel and Ahab

character in the book of Job

Anglo-American poet and critic, 1888-1965, author of The Waste Land, Four Quartets, Tradition and the Individual Talent, Murder in the Cathedral and other works

Fishburn and Hughes: "An English poet and critic, born in USA. Eliot was the author of 'The Waste Land' (1922), an allegorical poem expressing man's need for salvation, and Four Quartets (1936-42), a series of poems evincing a preoccupation, shared by Borges, with time, individuality and the place of man in history.

The Immortal, CF 195: refers to Eliot's allusive vocabulary and deliberate anachronisms introduced 'to forge an appearance of eternity' (Nota sobre Walt Whitman, Disc. 122).
The Approach to Al-Mu’tasim CF 86: Eliot's work as a literary critic was equally important. Borges admired his criticism of the Elizabethans and shared his classical approach. Borges's seminal essay 'Kafka and his Precursors' (TL 363), in which he argues that a writer influences not only the future but also the past, is based on ideas expressed by Eliot in 'Tradition and Individual Talent'." (65)

Kirovograd, city in the Ukraine, site of pograms in 1881 and 1882

Strachey, 1928

Bohemian queen, 1596-1662, wife of Frederick V

Argentine lawyer and statesman, foreign minister under Mitre, 1822-87

George Sand, 1859, about her affair with Musset

American magazine specializing in crime fiction first launched in 1941. 

British psychologist and writer, 1859-1939, author of Studies in the Psychology of Sex, The Soul of Spain, Affirmations and other works

British specialist on Celtic and Norse mythology, 1914-2006, author of The Road to Hell, Pagan Scandinavia and numerous other works

literary critic active in the first decades of the twentieth century, author of Wilkie Collins, Le Fanu and Others, 1931

Fishburn and Hughes: A port in County Roscommon, Connaught, some eighty miles north west of Dublin; the diocese is said to have been founded by St Patrick. The area is famous for its caves and ancient burial grounds traditionally associated with the kings of Connaught. The Shape of the Sword

pseudonym of Bocage

Lewis novel, 1927

Lugones book on the Argentine paleontologist, 1915

Borges book of poems and short prose, 1969

plural name of the one god in Hebrew

characters in Wells's The Time Machine, 1895

French nun and writer, c.1101-1164, called Helowys in Chaucer

village in County Roscommon, Ireland

British scholar of Anglo-Saxon England, 1721-1809

Swedish doctor, character in Horacio Quiroga's story Los destiladores de naranja, also a character in the film Prisioneros de la tierra by Soffici

translator of Historia Danica in 1905

pseudonym of Eugène Émile Paul Grindel, French poet, 1895-1952

French writer and poet, 1895-1952

Parodi: “el penúltimo silabario de Paul Eluard”: supuesta obra de Eugène Grindel, conocido como Paul Éluard (1895-1952); poeta dadaísta en sus comienzos, pasó a ser uno de los fundadores del surrealismo y de los más destacados poetas de este movimiento; durante la II Guerra Mundial y tras su adhesión al comunismo, la poesía de Eluard es expresión de su militancia y sus ideas políticas. Mencionado también en “Arte” §4.

Fishburn and Hughes: In Greek mythology the destination of heroes to whom the Gods had granted immortality. The Inmortal

pseudonym of Francisco Manuel do Nascimento

Borges poem

Covarrubias, 1610

Carlos Reyles novel, 1922

Argentine publishing house created in 1939. Since 2002 is part of publishing group Planeta.

Van Wyck Brooks critical study, 1927

US poet and philosopher, 1803-82, author of Representative Men, The American Scholar, Brahma, Self-Reliance, History and numerous other works

Parodi: Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803−1882) escritor, filósofo y poeta estadounidense. Entre muchos otros títulos es autor de Representative Men (1850), donde reúne ensayos sobre Platón, Swedenborg, Montaigne, Shakespeare, Napoleón, y Goethe.

French critic, author of works on Max Jacob

Ferreira de Castro, 1928

Rousseau book on education, 1762

house of prostitution in Buenos Aires frequented by Paco Antuñano y Pons

Parodi: “el bacanazo del Pigall y de La Emiliana”: ‘bacanazo’, superlativo de bacán (cf. Modelo iv §10), es empleado aquí con el significado de ‘gran señor’. El Royal-Pigall fue un lujoso cabaret de estilo parisino, instalado desde fines del siglo xix en Corrientes al 800; funcionaba en el edificio del Teatro Royal, de ahí su nombre completo; cerró sus puertas en 1924, cuando en el mismo lugar se inauguró otro famoso cabaret, el Tabarís. El edificio fue demolido en 1936, al ensancharse la calle Corrientes. El restaurante “La Emiliana” fue inaugurado en el barrio del Once en 1882; a partir de 1934 funcionó en la calle Corrientes, en un elegante edificio neoclásico con mobiliario importado de Viena; en 1992 cerró definitivamente y en el lugar funciona Colegio Público de Abogados.

Parodi: obra de Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), escritor y filósofo nacido en Suiza, uno de los pensadores atípicos de la Ilustración francesa. En 1762 publica sus dos obras más importantes, El contrato social y Emilio o de la educación, ambas prohibidas de inmediato. En la novela Emilio, Rousseau analiza los procesos mediante los cuales el niño se sociabiliza y pierde su bondad e inocencia naturales. Frente a la cultura racionalista y libresca, propone una educación que acompañe y fomente los procesos naturales humanos. Criticando la pedagogía ilustrada, Emilio se educará a sí mismo para dar lugar a una nueva sociedad, más libre y cercana a su estado natural. La novela está dividida en cinco partes. Las tres primeras se dedican a la niñez, la cuarta se consagra a la adolescencia y la última abrevia la educación de Sofía, mujer ideal, y de la vida paternal, política y moral de Emilio. César Paladión publica su Emilio durante el período 1911-1919.

character in Phillpotts's Monkshood

Strachey, 1918

Ferber, 1917

Borges story, 1948

Lugones poem in Los crepúsculos del jardín

Greek philosopher, poet, statesman and religious teacher, c. 490-430, author of On Nature, Purifications and other works, mostly lost; Borges often calls him "Empédocles de Agrigento"

Japanese emperor

Huang Di, legendary first emperor of China, reigned 2696-c. 2600

Parodi: figura mitológica; uno de los Cinco Emperadores a los que se atribuye el origen de la civilización china.

Chinese emperor

Yu Di, ruler of Heaven in Chinese folk culture

O'Neill play, 1920

E. R. Huc, 1854.

Grousset, 1939

Chinese encyclopedia discussed in El idioma analítico de John Wilkins

Parodi: un comercio dedicado a la compra y venta de objetos robados.

Saavedra Fajardo

Gomensoro sonnet

Gomensoro ode

Lugones poem in Los crepúsculos del jardín

Text by Bernardo de Monteagudo.

Almafuerte

Carriego poem in Las misas herejes

Akutagawa, short story.

Piñera short story, from Cuentos fríos (1956).

Anglada travel book, 1923

Fragment from the Miscellanies (1696), work by John Aubrey (1626-1697).

Querol poem

Parodi: Vicente Wenceslao Querol (1836-1889) fue abogado, poeta, traductor, autor de odas, rimas y poemas hogareños entre los que se cuenta “En Noche-Buena”, dedicado “A mis ancianos padres”, incluido en la edición de Rimas de 1891. En una conversación con Borges, en 1966 (Borges 1153-1154), Bioy recita un verso del poema de Querol: “Hablan de pie mi padre y mis hermanos”; Borges comenta: “Qué bien que se descubrieran manuscritos con versiones anteriores; por ejemplo: Hablan del pie...y también: Hablan a pie... que sugiere una casa llena de animales; y elogiar el certero criterio del poeta, que eligió finalmente lo mejor”.

Daniel Ibarra book of sonnets, 1983

Carriego poem in Las misas herejes

the hidden or infinite God, according to the Zohar

Fishburn and Hughes: "Hebrew for 'endless': a Cabbalistic term designating the impersonal and ineffable nature of God before his manifestation in the creation of the world. The negative emphasis of the term (en, 'nothing'; sof, 'end') seeks to convey the idea that God, as he existed before Creation, was unknowable to man, who was unable to express his existence. Any actual name would imply a limitation on the concept of God and therefore be an impossibility; the negative signifies a refusal to impose any boundaries upon the designation of God. This concept of a hidden God, 'that which is not conceivable by thinking', was a factor leading to the heretical belief in a duality between the impersonal and unfathomable God and the personal Demiurge of Creation which lay at the root of Gnosticism." (66)

Nicolás Cócaro poems with Borges preface, 195

poem from Julio Molina Vedia’s book Señales

poem from Nydia Lamarque’s book Telarañas, 1925

first line of Estanislao del Campo's Fausto

don Zalduendo's horse market

Barbusse, 1925

Montaner y Simon, see Diccionario enciclopédico hispanoamericano

Rasa'il ikhwan as-safa' wa khillan al-wafa, collection associated with the 10th century Brethren of Purity, Ikhwan al-Safa

the Treccani encyclopedia, 35 volume set first published from 1925 to 1936

encyclopedia published in Santiago, Chile, in 2074, of which we only have the article on Borges

the French encyclopédistes, group of Enlightenment writers around Diderot and D'Alambert

Erasmus satire in praise of folly, 1509

José Régio poems, 1945

poem by August Stramm, from the book Du Liebesgedichte, 1919

Wally Zenner book, 1931

Borges poem, 1970

According to the Antología de la literatura fantástica and Cuentos breves y extraordinarios short story from the T’ang Dinasty.

the eleventh edition of 1910-1911 is most frequently cited by Borges

Fishburn and Hughes: "Borges, attracted to the claim that encyclopaedias embrace the totality of human knowledge, as the word implies, owned a set of the eleventh edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica in 29 volumes (1910-11), the last edition to have been published in Britain. The tenth edition (1902-3), said in Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius' to be the original of the piratical Anglo-American Cyclopaedia, is a reprint of the 24 volumes of the ninth edition plus 11 supplementary volumes, one containing new maps and one a comprehensive index to the whole work. The 20 volumes mentioned as circulating in the USA in about 1824 are probably the sixth edition of 1823. In 1824 these were reprinted with six supplementary volumes." (66)

Aldous Huxley, 1937

13 vols., published by Hastings from 1908 to 1927

De Vore, 1947

encyclopedia edited by Anatole de Monzie

Brockhaus, 1879-1880

Graham Greene, novel, 1951.

Chesterton, 1940

Conrad novella, 1902

Endymion, beautiful young man of Greek myth

Keats

the Enneads of Plotinus, c.300

Aeneas, Roman mythological hero, protagonist of Virgil's Aeneid

Virgil's Aeneid, written from 26 to 19 B.C.

Fishburn and Hughes: "The Roman national epic written by Virgil: it narrates the wanderings of the Trojan prince Aeneas after the destruction of Troy and his arrival in Latium. Virgil's intention was to show the divine origins of Rome and of the Emperor Augustus as a descendant of Aeneas, the son of Venus. See too The Immortal, CF 186: the line 'naked on the unknown sand' refers to the words spoken by Aeneas in anguish at the death of his friend the helmsman Palinurus: 'nudus in ignota, Palinure, iacebis arena' (5.871). Softened by the prayers of Venus, Neptune had at last agreed to allow the progress of the Trojan fleet and had promised a calm sea. But a victim was required: Palinurus was tempted into sleep and thrown into the water, later to be washed up on the shores of Italy." (3-4)

cook in Bustos Domecq story

Hladik verse drama

El enemigo, Wyndham Lewis magazine, 3 issues, 1927-29

Jean-Paul Vaillant, 1935

Cocteau, novel, 1929.

Barbusse novel, 1908

Engadin, valley in Switzerland

character in Bustos Domecq story

Parodi: el aristócrata al que Bluntschli puso en fuga lleva el mismo título nobiliario que Eduard von Rustenfeld, el barón Engelhart, autor del libreto del terceto vocal cómico “Die Advokaten” compuesto por Anton Fischer, con posteriores arreglos del compositor austríaco Franz Schubert (1797-1828).

German social scientist, 1820-1895

Graham Greene, novel, 1935.

De Quincey essay

series of literary biographies directed by Leslie Stephen

collection of essays by Graham Greene and others, 1936

Emerson book

Swedish theologian, adversary of Nils Runeberg, character in Borges story

Borges essay on Dante, perhaps "El ultimo viaje de Ulises," first published in 1948 and included in Nueve ensayos dantescos

figure in Blake's prophetic books, the giver of a rigid morality

Eastman book, 1936

character in the Epic of Gilgamesh, Sumerian mythic hero

Quintus Ennius, Latin poet, 239-169, author of Annalium

Enobarb, character in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra

Short story by Max Beerbohm, published in Seven Men (1919).

Cummings memoir of internment camp in wartime France, 1922

Henry the First, English king, 1068-1135

Henry the Second, 1154-1189, English king at the time of Layomon

Henry the Fifth, English king, 1386-1422, subject of a Shakespeare play written about 1599

Main work of argentine writer Gregorio Funes (1817).

Lugones

Unamuno

Menéndez y Pelayo, 1892

Rodolfo Wilcock’s book, 1945.

Murena’s book of essays, 1963.

port city near La Plata

Parodi: ciudad y puerto, situada en los alrededores de La Plata (cf. “Testigo” §8), la capital de la provincia de Buenos Aires, ubicada a 60 km de ciudad de Buenos Aires.

Nordau essay on degeneration, 1892

Jacobo Sureda poem

Azorín, 1917

Bustos Domecq, 1934

province in north central Argentina

street in Buenos Aires

Parodi: la avenida más próxima a la Plaza Garay.

Avenue in the city of Buenos Aires

Groussac essay in El viaje intelectual

Cervantes short plays, 1615

tango by Rosendo Cayetano Mendizábal, 1897

title poem of book by Silvina Ocampo, 1942

Anthony Berkeley, short story.

king of the East Goths, fl. 350- 376, mentioned in the Widsith and Deor

Ker study, 1896

Norris trilogy of novels: The Octopus, 1901, The Pit, 1903, and The Wolf, which was never written

Epicharmus, Sicilian writer of comedy, c. 530-c. 440

Epictetus, Greek Stoic philosopher, c. 55-c. 135

Epicurus, Greek philosopher, 341-270

Epidaurus or Epidhavros, Greek village where there is a well-preserved ancient theater

Epidemia Goncourt, Pierre Hamp

Greek seer and philosopher-poet, Ἐπιμενίδης, 6th century B.C.

Fishburn and Hughes: An Epistle traditionally attributed to St Paul, though its authorship is now disputed. It seeks to demonstrate the superiority of Christianity to Judaism. The Theologians: in chapter 9 the repeated yearly sacrifices of the high priest in accordance with the Old Covenant are contrasted with Christ's atonement which is eternal: 'So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many; and unto them that look for him shall he appear a second time without sin unto salvation' (9:28). The Theologians

Browning poem in Men and Women, 1855

Dante letter on the Commedia

Menéndez y Pelayo poem

Quevedo, Epístola Satírica y Censoria contra las costumbres presentes de los castellanos escrita al Conde-Duque de Olivares

Prester John letter, sent to Emanuel of Constantinople in 1165, famous source of geographic speculation that led to European expansion

anonymous 17th century Spanish poem, now attributed to Andrés Fernández de Andrada

Seneca, Epístolas a Lucilio

Pliny the Younger

poem from Alfonso Reyes’s book Pausa

poem by H. von Stummer, from the book Leidenschaftliche Plakate, 1919

poem by Eliodoro Puche

Echidna, Greek monster

History about equestry written by Justo P. Saenz

soldier whose dream is discussed in the tenth book of Plato's Republic

Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch philosopher and writer, 1466-1536, author of Encomium Moriae, Novum Instrumentum, Enchiridion Militis Christiani and other works

muse of love poetry

Karl Ritter work on geography and history, 2 vols., 1817-1818, with an expanded second edition, 1822-1858

Erebus, mythological region of darkness separating hell from earth

Butler satirical romance, 1872

Danish Hebrew scholar, author of Christelige Dogmatik

correspondent of Herbert Ashe in Borges story

Fishburn and Hughes: A fictional character who appears in several stories: in Tlon, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius as Gunnar Erfjord, one of the inventors of Tlön; in Three Versions of Judas as Erik Erfjord, a Danish Hebraicist; and in The Theologians simply as Erfjord, a Christian theologist. The surname coincides with that of Norah Lange’s mother, and Borges was distantly related to her family. See Williamson, 99 Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius; Three Versions of Judas; The Theologians

character in Borges story

Exito, Feuchtwanger novel, 1930

Erik Grupson, bishop of Greenland

Eric or Eirik the Red, Norwegian discoverer and settler of Greenland

Johannes Scotus Erigena, Irish theologian, c. 815-877, author of De Divisione Naturae

Ireland

country to the north of Ethiopia

German Egyptologist, 1854-1937, author of Neuägyptische Grammatik and other works

Tarot card

Argentine writer

English town on the Severn where Layomon lived

putative author of the Chronique d'Ernoul, a history of the kingdom of Jerusalem from its foundation to 1229

German artist, 1891-1976

Erostratus, who set fire to the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus in order to become famous

Irish writer, 1883-1971

Lehmgrubner, 1936

city in eastern Turkey

mountain range that forms boundary between Bohemia (Czech Republic) and Saxony (Germany)

poem from Carlos Vega’s book Campo

town in Calabria in northern Spain, mentioned in poem by Baldomero Fernández Moreno

poetry of the Icelandic skalds

skalds, Icelandic hermetic poets

Joseph Justus Scaliger, Italian Renaissance scholar, 1504-1609, author of De Emendatione Temporum, Thesaurus Temporum and other works

Julius Caesar Scaliger, Italian critic and physician, 1484-1558, author of Exercitationes and other works

Municipality located in the north part of the province of Toledo, Spain. 

Murena’s poetry book, 1959.

Scandinavia

Sanjurjo, 1923

French art historian and literary critic, 1882-1971, author of books on El Greco, Matisse, Daumier, Hugo

Scylla, a sea-monster that lives in a cave opposite Charybdis in the Odyssey

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major, Roman general and statesman, 236-183

Scythians, ancient people of Iran

Scotland or Caledonia

José Rodrigues Miguéis, 1960

Girondo poem in Calcomanías

Scorpio, the zodiac sign

pseud. of Bustos Domecq

Borges story in El Aleph, 1949

gnostic gospels

perhaps Ernesto Escudero, a prominent physician of Buenos Aires, b. 1909

Parodi: sólo mencionado en “Limardo”, posiblemente un médico o un abogado.

Ecuadoran poet and diplomat, 1903-1971

Lugones story

Asclepius or Aesculapius, Greek hero and god of healing

Lugones definition of the tango, in El payador

Fingermann

supposed Homeric name for the Nile river, though Homer calls the Nile the Aegyptos; there is a Mysian river called Aesepus in Hesiod

sphinx, mythological monster with human head and the body of a lion

Theban sphinx, the sphinx which ravaged Thebes until killed by Oedipus

hotel in Rekjavik

street in Buenos Aires

Parodi: “Juncal y Esmeralda”: una intersección de calles en la zona residencial del barrio de Retiro, que corresponde a la ubicación del Palacio Estrugamou, aristocrático conjunto de cuatro edificios de estilo academicista francés que rodean un patio; fue inaugurado en 1929.

magician of Uqbar, perhaps based on Smerdis, Persian king mentioned by Ctesias, Xenophon, Aeschylus and others

Smyrna, city in Turkey, now Izmir

Aesop, Greek teller of fables, d. c. 564 B. C.

Silvina Ocampo book of poems, 1948

Bonfanti work, plagiarized from a manuscript by Ricardo Sangiacomo

Manuel Peyrou story and book of the same name, 1944, with 1983 Borges preface

Spain

Cervantes exemplary novel

Borges story in Historia universal de la infamia, 1935

French author of patriotic and historical novels, 1864-1944

Ortega y Gasset collection of essays, 1916-1928

here, reference to the Espíritu Santo

Gorki novel, 1936, part of the four-volume series The Life of Klim Sangin

Rafael Alberto Arrieta book, 1912

Borges essay in Otras inquisiciones

Borges story in El libro de arena

Borges story, 1950

Spanish novelist and poet, 1550-1624, author of Marcos de Obregon

Uruguayan writer, 1901-1973, author of Raza ciega and other works

character in Borges story

character in Borges-Bioy filmscript

character in Borges-Bioy filmscript

Argentine artist, 1912-2006, part of the Arte Concreto-Invención group

Ange Goudart work, 1765, which Borges once refers to as El descubrimiento de Europa por los chinos

Parodi: los seis volúmenes de El espión chino o el enviado secreto de la corte de Pekín, para examinar la situación actual de Europa. Traducido del chino, fueron publicados en forma anónima en 1764. Su autor, Pierre Ange de Goudar (1708−1791), fue un aventurero, agente secreto del gobierno francés, estafador, tahúr, proxeneta, periodista y escritor de fama, autor de más de 500 obras de diversos géneros, que incluyen panfletos filosóficos y tratados de economía política. Escribió varias obras en que agentes secretos de diversos países comentan y critican las costumbres que observan. El espión chino contiene las supuestas cartas del Mandarín Cham-pi-pi a diversas autoridades de la China; con tono humorístico, ejerce la crítica satírica y propone cambios sociales y políticos. Si bien no se trata de literatura erótica como los demás títulos que se mencionan en este pasaje de “Signo”, El espión chino fue prohibido en Inglaterra por atentar contra la moral.

the spirit, sometimes Espíritu Santo

Anglada work, retracting Carne de salón, 1914

Parodi: según Formento, Anglada habría publicado esta novela en 1914, como retractación de Carne de salón.

Petit de Murat poem

Sbarbi

La esperanza, Malraux, 1938

street in Buenos Aires

Julien Françon, 1938

French arts journal, 1920-1925

Spanish poet, 1808-42, author of El estudiante de Salamanca

Argentine book series of introductions to different topics for popular audiences, published by Editorial Columba

book by Osvaldo Horacio Dondo, 1927

Aeschylus, Greek tragic poet, 525-456

Eskimos, called Skraelings by the Norsemen

Gibbon essay, written in French, 1761

Bergson treatise, 1888

Montaigne essays, 1580-1595

Morgann, 1777

Belloc, 1937

Wilkins, 1668

John Florio translation of Montaigne´s work.

Bacon essays, 1597

Emerson collections of essays, 1841 and 1844

Huxley, 1894

Macaulay, 1843

collection of Wilde essays

Matthew Arnold essays, 1865 and 1888

Lang essay collection, 1891

Phillpotts, essays, 1931.

Suzuki, 1927

Stevenson, essays.

English earl, c. 1566-1601

soccer team and stadium in Buenos Aires

Parodi: el estadio del club de fútbol River Plate está ubicado en el barrio de Núñez. Por sus dimensiones, se lo denomina “El Monumental”; fue inaugurado en 1938 y es el más grande del país.

Lugones political work, 1932

imaginary South American country in Borges story

the countries of the River Plate region, now Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina

United States of America, sometimes called América del Norte or Norteamérica

Lugones poem in Poemas solariegos

Lugones story in Las fuerzas extrañas

Excerpt from Moralia by Plutarch.

St. Stephen, the first Christian martyr, stoned to death in Jerusalem

mentioned in Bustos Domecq story